The Influence of the Inoculum Source of Rhizoctonia solani on Development of Black Scurf on Potato

Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of stem canker and black scurf on potato, survives as sclerotia on tubers, in soil and in plant residues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the importance of inoculum source on disease development. Disease‐free minitubers and seed tubers contaminated with low levels of R. solani were planted in fumigated or artificially inoculated growth mixture in greenhouse experiments. Black scurf incidence and severity were significantly higher when the inoculum was present in both seed tubers and soil, compared with either of them separately. The severity of disease symptoms on the subterranean parts of the plant also were significantly higher in plots where both seed tubers and soil were contaminated, compared with plots where the inoculum source was either the seed tubers or the soil. Thus, both major sources of inoculum, seed tubers and soil, are important in disease development. However, when both sources are present, black scurf incidence and severity are increased, leading to economical damage to tuber yield and quality. Additional results from field trials support these findings. Disease incidence and severity on daughter tubers were correlated with levels of contamination in seed tubers and soil. When seed tubers and soil were heavily infested, the levels of black scurf incidence and severity on daughter tubers were very high; when seed tuber and soil infestation were very low, black scurf incidence and severity on progeny were also lower. Disease levels were reduced by in‐furrow fungicide treatment, but were less effective when the initial levels of the fungus on the seed tubers and in the soil were high.     

Current progress of China‘s free ART program

China‘s Free ART Program was initiated in 2002 as an emergency response to save and improve the lives of AIDS patients living mainly in impoverished rural regions of central China. With little experience in HIV/AIDS treatment and care and resource limitations, China‘s efforts to provide widespread access to free antiretroviral therapy has been a process fraught with difficulty. However, the Free ART Program is progressing from an emergency response to a standardized treatment and care system. The development of national guidelines, training programs, a laboratory support network, a national patient database, programs for special populations such as children and patients living with coinfections, and operational research has improved the scope and quality of the free treatment program. As of June 30,2005, a total of 19,456 patients in 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities had received free ART.Challenges stemming from the nature of China‘s health system and patient population persist, but with strong government support and a diverse set of resources, China has the capacity to overcome these challenges and to provide nationwide access to high quality treatment and care.     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤三种疗法的临床疗效观察

目的对中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的各种治疗方法进行疗效优劣比较,找出最佳治疗方法。方法总结我院569例中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的各种治疗方法。结果治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗蛇毒血清局部注射-糜蛋白酶局部注射-蛇伤药酒外敷-坏死组织早期切除-局部烧灼法-局部组织切开冲洗。结论中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗蛇毒血清局部注射和糜蛋白酶局部注射,其次选用蛇伤药酒外敷。     

Assessing the Eco-efficiency of End-of-Pipe Technologies with the Environmental Cost Efficiency Indicator

The concept of eco-efficiency is increasingly being applied to judge the combined environmental and economic performance of product systems, processes, and/or companies. Ecoefficiency is often defined as the ratio of economic value added to environmental impact added. This definition is not appropriate for end-of-pipe treatment technologies because these technologies aim at improving the environmental performance of technical processes at the cost of financial expense. Therefore, an indicator for the assessment of end-of-pipe technologies has been proposed. This indicator, called environmental cost efficiency (ECE), is defined as the ratio of net environmental benefits to the difference in costs. ECE is applied to four end-of-pipe technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste: sanitary landfill, mechanical-biological treatment, modern grate incineration, and a staged thermal process (pyrolysis and gasification). A life-cycle assessment was performed on these processes to quantify the net environmental benefit. Moreover, the approximate net costs (costs minus benefits) were quantified. The results show that, relative to grate incineration, sanitary landfills and mechanical-biological treatment are less costly but environmentally more harmful. We calculated the ECE for all combinations of technologies. The results indicate that the staged thermal process may be the most environmentally cost-efficient alternative to all other treatment technologies in the long run, followed by mechanical-biological treatment and grate incineration.     

固定化硝化菌去除焦化废水中氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇（polyvinyl Alcohol,PVA）—硼酸包埋固定化法,包埋经驯化后的硝化污泥,制成固定化硝化颗粒。考察了不同温度及pH条件下固定化硝化菌对氨氮的去除效果及其与游离硝化菌的比较,并对固定化硝化菌对焦化废水中氨氮的去除及其耐毒性能进行了测定和观察。     

治疗腹膜后血肿的临床探讨

目的:探讨治疗腹膜后血肿的临床疗效。方法:对腹膜后血肿106例分型、诊断及治疗进行了回顾性分析。结果:腹膜后血肿无特异性症状和体征,可通过休克、腹穿、放射、超声波、尿路及血管造影等提高诊断,手术79例,非手术19例,死亡8例。结论:对腹膜后血肿的早期诊断及救治是提高生存率的关键。     

Effects of Application Methods and Plastic Covers on Distribution of Cis- and Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene and Chloropicrin in Root Zone

This study examined the effects of three application methods (chisel injection, Avenger coulter injection, and drip irrigation) and two plastic films (polyethylene film [PE] and virtually impermeable film [VIF]) on distribution of cis- and trans- 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) in a Florida sandy soil after application of Telone C35 or Telone In-Line. Regardless of application method, VIF retained greater amounts of cis- and trans-1,3-D and CP in the root zone with longer residential time than PE. There was better retention of the three compounds in the root zone when applied with the Avenger coulter injection rig than chisel injection, especially in combination with VIF. Distribution of the three compounds in the root zone was less predictable when applied by drip irrigation. Following drip irrigation, more than 50% of the three compounds in the PE and VIF-covered beds was found near the end of the drip tapes in one experiment, whereas the distribution was much more uniform in the root zone in a second experiment. Among the three biologically active compounds, CP disappeared from the root zone more rapidly than cis- and trans-1,3-D, especially in the PE-covered beds.     

污水处理厂生物气溶胶抗生素抗性污染特征、来源及潜在风险

污水处理厂是抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）和抗生素抗性细菌（antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB）重要的源和汇,生物气溶胶是ARGs和ARB自污水处理厂向周边环境释放的关键载体。目前缺乏对污水处理厂生物气溶胶抗生素抗性污染特征、来源及潜在风险的系统性总结。本文从采样方法、检测方法、逸散特征、来源、潜在危害和风险评估等方面对污水处理厂抗生素抗性污染研究现状进行综述。惯性采样法和过滤法是常用的污水处理厂抗生素抗性生物气溶胶主要采集方法,而宏基因组测序、组装和分箱为其ARGs组成、可移动性和宿主提供了有效的检测方法,抗多药类、抗杆菌肽类、抗氨基糖苷类、抗四环素类、抗β-内酰胺类、抗磺胺类、抗大环内酯类和抗糖肽类等抗性基因在污水处理厂PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM_1.0颗粒物中广泛检出。格栅间、生化反应池和污泥处理单元是污水处理厂PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM_1.0负载ARGs和ARB的主要释放单元。污水处理厂不同粒径生物气溶胶中致病性ARB的存在增加了抗生素治疗的难度,而污水和污泥对ARGs和ARB的释放起到了重要的源的贡献。本文在研究内容、研究技术和控制策略等方面也提出了相关展望,以期为污水厂生物气溶胶抗生素抗性污染的监测和防护提供参考和借鉴。     

Plant development from microspore-derived embryos in oilseed rape as affected by chilling, desiccation and cotyledon excision

The present study evaluated the effects of chilling, partial desiccation, cotyledon excision and successive subculture of microspore-derived embryos on plant development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The results showed that out of the five media, all the genotypes showed the best response when the embryos were cultured on the half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium with 2.0 mg dm⁻³ benzylaminopurine. A cold treatment for 3 or 5 d further increased frequencies of embryo germination (90.0 %) and plantlet development (58.46 %). Desiccation for one day also increased the embryo germination and plantlet development in all genotypes tested. Cutting the cotyledons of the embryos at late cotyledonary stage significantly increased the frequency of plantlet development. The highest rate of plantlet development was obtained from cultures of embryos sampled with size of less than 4.0 mm. The successive subculture further improved the germination and development of plantlets from embryos. In the genotype ZJU452, the rate of plantlet development reached 99.78 % after the second subculture of embryos.     

野黄瓜(Cucumis hystrix Chakr.)与3种不同基因型栽培黄瓜(C.sativus L)

野黄瓜(Cucum is hystrix,2n=24)为短日照植物,因其与栽培黄瓜(C.sativus,2n=14)花期不遇等杂交障碍的存在而使种间杂交难以顺利进行。对野黄瓜短光照处理40 d以上,使得两者花期相遇,成功地进行了野黄瓜与3种不同基因型栽培黄瓜(“二早子”、“长春密刺”和“NC4406”)的正反杂交,从中获得了3种杂交组合的幼胚。采用改良的方法对这3种基因型杂种胚进行胚胎拯救,再生频率达80%以上,其杂种的真实性通过植物学性状观察、体细胞染色体计数和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AAT)同工酶分析得到了证实。研究中还发现不同基因型杂种F1的育性存在明显差异,其中以C.hystrixדNC4406”育性最高,花粉可染率达23.3%,是在二倍体水平上进行育种利用的良好材料。